MOTS-C (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA type-c) is a mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) that functions as a signaling molecule to regulate metabolic homeostasis throughout the body. Unlike most hormones that are encoded in the cell nucleus, MOTS-c is encoded within the mitochondrial genome.

1. Molecular Profile

• Amino Acid Sequence: Met-Arg-Trp-Gln-Glu-Met-Gly-Tyr-Ile-Phe-Ala-Lys-Tyr-Lys-Asp-Arg-Glu

• Molecular Formula: C101​H152​N28​O22​S2​

• Molecular Weight: Approximately 2174.6 g/mol

• Type: 16-amino acid mitochondrial peptide.

2. Mechanism of Action

MOTS-c primarily targets skeletal muscle and the liver to enhance metabolic flexibility:

• AMPK Activation: It promotes the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the body’s "master metabolic switch," which increases glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation.

• Folate-Methionine Cycle: It inhibits the folate cycle, leading to the accumulation of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), which further triggers AMPK.

• Insulin Sensitivity: It improves systemic insulin sensitivity by reducing insulin resistance in skeletal muscle.

• Mitochondrial Protection: It helps maintain mitochondrial proteostasis during times of metabolic stress.

3. Research Indications

• Anti-Aging & Longevity: Often referred to as an "exercise mimetic," it is studied for its ability to reverse age-related metabolic decline and physical frailty.

• Weight Management: Demonstrated effectiveness in reducing high-fat diet-induced obesity and promoting lean muscle mass in animal models.

• Osteoporosis: Research suggests it may promote osteoblast (bone-building cell) differentiation.

• Cardiovascular Health: Studied for its role in protecting the vascular endothelium and reducing inflammation in the heart.

4. Technical & Logistics Data